International Trade Law Flexibilities And Their Utilization

3. International Trade Law Flexibilities and their Utilization in Africa Thirty-nine African states are in the WTO. These states have the duty to comply with the WTO treaties, which among others includes the TRIPS Agreement. The Agreement requires states to respect the rights of patent holders over their products. Accordingly, only the patent owner has an exclusive right to make, use, to offer for sale, sell, or import the product. Nevertheless, amendments to the TRIPS Agreement issued exceptions that favor the public health needs of least developed countries. Among the thirty-nine WTO member states from Africa twenty-four are direct beneficiaries of these flexibilities as they are included in the Least Developed Country list of the UN. Four of the exceptions to the TRIPS Agreement and their use in Africa are discussed below. 3.1. Compulsory License As per the main TRIPS Agreement the government of the country where the patent is registered was allowed to authorize the supply of the product only for domestic market without the consent of the patent owner. Amendment to the TRIPS agreement introduced the compulsory license exception, which allows countries to allow production and sale of patented pharmaceutical products to least developed countries, and to countries that requested the application of compulsory license exception, without the patent holder’s consent. Utilization of compulsory license requires proper regulation and planning from governments of bothShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Labour Flexibility On The International Management Of Human Resources1741 Words   |  7 PagesResearch critically discuss the implications of labour flexibility on the international management of Human Resources. 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Measuring A Computational Prediction Method For Fast And...

In general, the gap is broadening rapidly between the number of known protein sequences and the number of known protein structural classes. To overcome this crisis, it is essential to develop a computational prediction method for fast and precisely determining the protein structural class. Based on the predicted secondary structure information, the protein structural classes are predicted. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm with the existing algorithms, four datasets, namely 25PDB, 1189, D640 and FC699 are used. In this work, an Improved Support Vector Machine (ISVM) is proposed to predict the protein structural classes. The comparison of results indicates that Improved Support Vector Machine (ISVM) predicts more accurate protein structural class than the existing algorithms. Keywords—Protein structural class, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naà ¯ve Bayes, Improved Support Vector Machine (ISVM), 25PDB, 1189, D640 and FC699. I. INTRODUCTION (HEADING 1) Usually, the proteins are classified into one of the four structural classes such as, all-ÃŽ ±, all-ÃŽ ², ÃŽ ±+ÃŽ ², ÃŽ ±/ÃŽ ². So far, several algorithms and efforts have been made to deal with this problem. There are two steps involved in predicting protein structural classes. They are, i) Protein feature representation and ii) Design of algorithm for classification. In earlier studies, the protein sequence features can be represented in different ways such as, Functional Domain Composition (Chou And Cai, 2004), Amino Acids

Sustainability and Supply Chain Management

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability and Supply Chain Management. Answer: Introduction Organizations develop a number of strategies to improve their operational efficiency which in turn helps them maintaining competitive advantage(Basoglu, 2007). Operations efficiency has significant impact on organizational goal attainment. The scope of this report is to analyze and understand a retail store company based in Australia. The company deals in sales of retail products of perishable and non-perishable nature through its retail and online stores. The company had been established in the year 2001 by John Meyers. It has its headquarters in Hawthorn East, Victoria, Australia; its parent company is Wesfarmers. Being a retail company it keeps a variety of products that meets need of a diversified range of customers from all ages, all income groups and so on. The key person in the business is the CEO and CFO. The business is structured by employees reporting to senior managers, who in turn report to their respective departmental managers as HR manager, Finance manager, Accounts m anager, and they in turn report to the CEO and CFO. Both the CEO and CFO are dynamic personalities who believe in rapid growth and prosperity of the organization. Both of them have high ethical values and focuses on constant quality improvement(Brown S. B., 2013). As a general manager in packaging department, I want to implement changes in regards to defects in labels in packaging by process improvement. Leadership Team Within the retail organization there are various leaders at each level for facilitating effective workflow. Each team has their team leader who is responsible for their activity and senior managers or leaders in turn are responsible for actions of their team leaders(Yukl, 2008). Figure 1 : Retail Organizational Structure Source: Author Team leader follow transactional leadership styles as it is necessary to motivate floor level employees by reward and punitive methods. Senior managers have been seen to follow transformational style of leadership. Transactional Leadership style: It is highly applicable and can provide intrinsic motivation amongst employees. But it is also identified with the Carrot and Stick style of motivation that leads to high employee turnover ratio and job dissatisfaction(Aarons, 2006). Senior managers are responsible for developing new processes and products, bring about constant changes to the organization to maintain competitive advantage. CEO and CFO also demonstrate transformational leadership styles, which is depicted from their introduction of new concepts in business now and often. Transformational Leadership style: This has often been debated as the best style of leadership as it brings in extrinsic motivation amongst employees. The major weakness of this style is in being ineffective in many instances. Multiple followers take this type of leadership for granted, hence diminishing productivity and performance. Work Structure The above organization chart depicts the work structure for the overall organization. Shop floor level employees perform tasks assigned to them and report to team leaders. Team leaders take tasks from their senior manager, who in turn is liable to answer to CEO and CFO. Managerial roles and responsibility is well divided and sub divided amongst departments. Human resource manager is responsible for workforce management and strategizing, similarly marketing department manager deals with marketing and sales of products. Finance and accounts departments are responsible for all calculations and accounting. Product and supply chain manager is responsible for handling steady flow of goods to and from the stores and warehouses(Alvesson, 2012). Decision Making Most decisions of strategic nature are made by senior leaders and managers of the organization. An employee feedback procedure type of decision making can be more effective in the current organization. The same decision making procedure cannot be applied in all situations as every situation have their respective requisites. In case all decisions are taken uniformly then it can lead to failure of processes. Teams and Team building In order to enhance team work within the organization, following steps will be adopted; Implementing recognition program: This step will encourage quality teamwork by rewarding achievers or performers. Outlining roles: Each member of the team needs to have an identified role such that there is no confusion. This will give rise to higher accountability and responsibility amongst individuals(Basoglu, 2007). Identifying existing issues: Existing problems amongst teams needs to be sorted and solved for better team performance. Encouraging Social activities: By involving various members of the team in social activities will encourage more team work. Motivation The two staff members selected for the purpose of identifying motivation, is two shop floor level employees. Appropriate motivators for one will include intrinsic motivators as bonuses and pay hike. While for the other will be good job design, performance appraisal and other extrinsic motivators. Motivational levels and indicators vary greatly with individuals. Each individual have their own requirements hence motivators needs to cater to these needs. Conflict There is some conflict occurring in the current team. It is a functional in nature. Such conflict indicates mismanagement of task and impropriation of duties amongst employees. Due to scarcity of staff, they are regularly doing over shifts, whereas some staffs have not been allotted duties. Organizational culture is responsible to some extent for arousing this conflict. The two most important benefits of functional conflict in workplace is process innovation and process improvement towards efficiency(Behfar, 2008). Conflict has disturbing impact on the team leader as he is unable to manage few staffs and divergent roles and duties. Strategies used for promoting functional conflict is create situation for conflict and criticizing managers for their roles. Work Forecast Work forecast is planned by taking adequate account of available resources. Volume of work can only be adequately forecasted on the basis of resources availability and thereafter contingency planning. Computerized work forecasting systems are available that takes into account resources and allocates them accordingly. Otherwise human resource manager prepares a work schedule and hands them to respective teams for their work forecast planning. Time Management Time management is ones ability to utilize time effectively. Proper work scheduling and planning with deadlines can help time management at workplace(Bendoly, 2006). Quality Assurance Quality assurance is the process of maintaining adequate quality by attending to every step in manufacturing or delivery. Quality can be improved in the desired workplace by adhering to total quality management (TQM) and adapting ISO standardization on quality. Legislative Context Equal Employment Opportunity: It is illegal to discriminate individual against a job for race, color, sex, religion and so on. This retail organization provides equal opportunities for all without discrimination(Brown S. B., 2013). Diversity: Employees needs to be from diversified backgrounds. The retail organization have a diversified workforce from various ethnic and regional groups. Anti-Discrimination: It provides for right of people to be equal. The retail organization does not believe in discrimination and hence confines to the law. Unfair Dismissal: It is termination of contract of employment by inadmissible reasons. The organization does not do unfair dismissal of any employee. Short term work organization: It hires employees for short time period to handle extra work load. Sometimes due to excessive work pressure the organization hires short term workforce on contract under this legislation. Reference Alvesson, M. (2012). Understanding organizational culture. Sage. Basoglu, N. D. (2007). Organizational adoption of enterprise resource planning systems: A conceptual framework. . The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 18(1), 73-97. Bendoly, E. D. (2006). Behavior in operations management: Assessing recent findings and revisiting old assumptions. Journal of operations management, 737-752. Brown, S. B. (2013). Operations management: policy, practice and performance improvement. Routledge. Brown, S. B. (2013). Strategic operations management. Routledge. Heizer, J. R. (2016). Principles of operations management: sustainability and supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. Slack, N. (2015). Operations strategy. . John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Slack, N. C. (2010). Operations management. . Pearson education.

Macbeth - Imagery Essays - Characters In Macbeth,

Macbeth - Imagery In his plays, Shakespeare uses many forms of imagery. Many forms of his imagery are used in his play Macbeth, including the forms of clothing and darkness. Each detail in his imagery, it seems tome, contains an important symbol of the play, and symbols that we must understand if we are to understand either the passage it is in, or the play as a whole. In Macbeth I think that the imagery of clothing is used to suggest that throughout the play, Macbeth is seeking to hide his "disgraceful self" from his eyes and from others. I think that Shakespeare wants to keep alive the ironical contrast between the wretched creature that Macbeth really is and the disguises he assumes to conceal the fact. Secondly, I think that in the play honours are thought of as garments to be worn; likewise, Macbeth is constantly represented symbolically as the wearer of robes not belonging to him. He is wearing an "undeserved dignity." A crucial point in describing the purpose of clothing in Macbeth is the fact that these are not his garments. Therefore, Macbeth is uncomfortable in them because he is continually conscious of the fact that they do not belong to him. In the following passage, the idea constantly recurs that Macbeth's new honours sit ill upon him, like a loose and badly fitting garment, belonging to someone else: New honours come upon him, Like our strange garments, cleave not to their mould, But with the aid of use. The second, most important chain of imagery used to add to the atmosphere is that of the imagery of darkness. In a Shakespearean tragedy a special tone, or atmosphere must be created to show the darkness and blackness in a tragedy. In Macbeth, Shakespeare uses the design of the witches, the guilt in Macbeth's soul, and the darkness of the night to establish the atmosphere. All of the emarkable scenes take place at night or in some dark spot; for instance, the vision of the dagger, the murder of Duncan, the murder of Banquo, and Lady Macbeth's sleepwalking, all occur at night. Darkness is the time when the traveller hastens to reach safety in his inn, when Banquo rides homeward to meet his assassins; furthermore, it is the time when the wolf howls, the owl screams, and when murder steals forth to his work. In Macbeth I think the darkness symbolizes many things. First, and most importantly, it stands for the evil and death in the play. The darkness could partially blind out all of the horrible things that occur in the night. For, only in darkness can such evil deeds be done. Secondly, the darkness shows one of Lady Macbeth's weaknesses: her fear of the dark. In the play, phrases of fear escape from her lips even in sleep. She believes darkness to be the place of torment. In the whole drama, the sun seems to shine only twice. First, in the beautiful but ironical passage when Duncan sees the swallows flirting rounds the castle of death. Next, when at the close the avenging army gathers to rid the earth of its shame. Therefore; I can conclude that darkness is used to establish the evil parts of the play; whereas, daylight is used to establish victory or goodness in a play.