International Trade Law Flexibilities And Their Utilization

3. International Trade Law Flexibilities and their Utilization in Africa Thirty-nine African states are in the WTO. These states have the duty to comply with the WTO treaties, which among others includes the TRIPS Agreement. The Agreement requires states to respect the rights of patent holders over their products. Accordingly, only the patent owner has an exclusive right to make, use, to offer for sale, sell, or import the product. Nevertheless, amendments to the TRIPS Agreement issued exceptions that favor the public health needs of least developed countries. Among the thirty-nine WTO member states from Africa twenty-four are direct beneficiaries of these flexibilities as they are included in the Least Developed Country list of the UN. Four of the exceptions to the TRIPS Agreement and their use in Africa are discussed below. 3.1. Compulsory License As per the main TRIPS Agreement the government of the country where the patent is registered was allowed to authorize the supply of the product only for domestic market without the consent of the patent owner. Amendment to the TRIPS agreement introduced the compulsory license exception, which allows countries to allow production and sale of patented pharmaceutical products to least developed countries, and to countries that requested the application of compulsory license exception, without the patent holder’s consent. Utilization of compulsory license requires proper regulation and planning from governments of bothShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Labour Flexibility On The International Management Of Human Resources1741 Words   |  7 PagesResearch critically discuss the implications of labour flexibility on the international management of Human Resources. Introduction In order to sustain in the business market and meet the consumer demands, the organizations and the employers of 21st century are required to come up with new methods and unbeatable prices of products and services. Moreover due to the emergence of globalisation, these organizations are bound to apply cost-cutting approach (lower wage approach), which influences theRead MoreThe Liberal State Essay1454 Words   |  6 Pagesprevailing view on labour legislation in India has been contending for the labour market flexibility and even more, getting rid of restrictive labour legislation since it accepts that labour laws hamper investment and growth of employment. The limitations that the employers are confronted with when it comes to the question of hire and fire, redeployment and utilization of contractual labour, pressure from trade unions, has, according to this view, prompted to poor rate of growth for employment andRead MoreAmerican Commercial Barge Lines ( Acbl ) Essay946 Words   |  4 PagesWater transportation was one of the first methods used to transport goods, the first ships were propelled with rowers, and then around 2500 BCE sails were added to increase the propulsion of the rowers (Rodrigue). By the Medieval times the maritime trade network was extensive using the English Channel, the north, the Baltic, and Mediterranean seas (Rodrigue). One of those means of transportation is water transportation. Through this method people transport their goods across various waterways, suchRead MoreTerrorism : The Tide Of Terrorism Clearing Over The Landmass2738 Words   |  11 Pagesareas, might hence inhale a sigh of alleviation taking after the presentation of LifeStraw, a moment microbiological water purifier skilled for evacuating no less than 99.9% claiming bacteria, infections and parasites that make water perilous to utilization. LifeStraw are able to provide an average of 10 liters of purified water for every hour. The item has been presented at a time recognizing the destroying impact water-borne sicknesses that had been required looking into a huge number of peopleRead MoreAntidumping And Countervailing Measures Written By R.k. Gupta1875 Words   |  8 Pagesinvestigated in India and procedure followed by India’s major trading partners namely the United States and the European Community. SÐ ¾me Ð ¾f the excellent bÐ ¾Ã ¾ks, prÐ ¾viding a richer histÐ ¾ry with regard to antidumping and countervailing are International Trade Buisness Law Policy written by Gabriel Moens and Peter Gillies(1998), Antidumping and Countervailing Action: Limits imposed by Economic and Legal Theory written by Philip Bentley, Aubrey Silberston(2007), Antidumping and Countervailing HandbookRead MoreThe World Is Changing And The Environment2069 Words   |  9 Pageslabour utilization and labour demand. (Rani, 2000) This shift leads to what can be defined as ‘labour flexibility’. According to Standing (1999), the term can be defined as a rise in new technologies, development of more complex labour control structures, participation of labours throughout the world with the help of globalisation. The more complex definitions and theories of labour flexibility will be discussed later in this essay. I am writing this essay to portray how labour flexibility has givenRead MoreThe Dictionary Of Banking And Finance1471 Words   |  6 Pagesprivate premiums that came into the arrangements as constrained obligation accomplices. Over the 19th century, another model came into well-known utilization, especially in the United States. Firms trying to raise capital would issue securities to outsider financial specialists, who might then be able to exchange these securities in the composed securities trades of major monetary focuses, for example, London and New York. The part of the money related firm was that of supporter - speaking to the guarantorRead MoreNext Generation of Multinational Manager2132 Words   |  9 Pagesand declining international economic integration. Their work led to the Bretton Woods conference and the founding of several international institutions intended to over see the renewed processes of globalization, promoting growth and managing adverse consequences. These were the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank) and the International Monetary Fund. It has been facilitated by advances in technology which have reduced the costs of trade, and trade negotiation roundsRead MoreGlobalization : A Clear Image Of Globalization2028 Words   |  9 PagesGlobalization has truly affected each society on the planet since we have moved far from individuals and organizations staying inside of their own border into an international business sector. Our economies are interrelated with each other and even companies who fundamentally market in one territory are not totally autonomous. This implies the materials that a company utilizes as a part of their businesses can be produced and dispatched from another country. This shows a clear image of globalizationRead MoreToyotas HRM Practices in the UK Essay1815 Words   |  8 Pageshow changes were made when setting up the European plant in the UK. Toyota were faced by the pressu re to remain internationally consistent with their HRM practices, which include, employee commitment, employee integration with the organization, flexibility and adaptability and lastly quality. However there were local cultural forces which also needed to be taken into account. Introduction The HRM strategy in Japanese companies is supported by the six pillars of Japanese employment practice

Measuring A Computational Prediction Method For Fast And...

In general, the gap is broadening rapidly between the number of known protein sequences and the number of known protein structural classes. To overcome this crisis, it is essential to develop a computational prediction method for fast and precisely determining the protein structural class. Based on the predicted secondary structure information, the protein structural classes are predicted. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm with the existing algorithms, four datasets, namely 25PDB, 1189, D640 and FC699 are used. In this work, an Improved Support Vector Machine (ISVM) is proposed to predict the protein structural classes. The comparison of results indicates that Improved Support Vector Machine (ISVM) predicts more accurate protein structural class than the existing algorithms. Keywords—Protein structural class, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naà ¯ve Bayes, Improved Support Vector Machine (ISVM), 25PDB, 1189, D640 and FC699. I. INTRODUCTION (HEADING 1) Usually, the proteins are classified into one of the four structural classes such as, all-ÃŽ ±, all-ÃŽ ², ÃŽ ±+ÃŽ ², ÃŽ ±/ÃŽ ². So far, several algorithms and efforts have been made to deal with this problem. There are two steps involved in predicting protein structural classes. They are, i) Protein feature representation and ii) Design of algorithm for classification. In earlier studies, the protein sequence features can be represented in different ways such as, Functional Domain Composition (Chou And Cai, 2004), Amino Acids

Sustainability and Supply Chain Management

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability and Supply Chain Management. Answer: Introduction Organizations develop a number of strategies to improve their operational efficiency which in turn helps them maintaining competitive advantage(Basoglu, 2007). Operations efficiency has significant impact on organizational goal attainment. The scope of this report is to analyze and understand a retail store company based in Australia. The company deals in sales of retail products of perishable and non-perishable nature through its retail and online stores. The company had been established in the year 2001 by John Meyers. It has its headquarters in Hawthorn East, Victoria, Australia; its parent company is Wesfarmers. Being a retail company it keeps a variety of products that meets need of a diversified range of customers from all ages, all income groups and so on. The key person in the business is the CEO and CFO. The business is structured by employees reporting to senior managers, who in turn report to their respective departmental managers as HR manager, Finance manager, Accounts m anager, and they in turn report to the CEO and CFO. Both the CEO and CFO are dynamic personalities who believe in rapid growth and prosperity of the organization. Both of them have high ethical values and focuses on constant quality improvement(Brown S. B., 2013). As a general manager in packaging department, I want to implement changes in regards to defects in labels in packaging by process improvement. Leadership Team Within the retail organization there are various leaders at each level for facilitating effective workflow. Each team has their team leader who is responsible for their activity and senior managers or leaders in turn are responsible for actions of their team leaders(Yukl, 2008). Figure 1 : Retail Organizational Structure Source: Author Team leader follow transactional leadership styles as it is necessary to motivate floor level employees by reward and punitive methods. Senior managers have been seen to follow transformational style of leadership. Transactional Leadership style: It is highly applicable and can provide intrinsic motivation amongst employees. But it is also identified with the Carrot and Stick style of motivation that leads to high employee turnover ratio and job dissatisfaction(Aarons, 2006). Senior managers are responsible for developing new processes and products, bring about constant changes to the organization to maintain competitive advantage. CEO and CFO also demonstrate transformational leadership styles, which is depicted from their introduction of new concepts in business now and often. Transformational Leadership style: This has often been debated as the best style of leadership as it brings in extrinsic motivation amongst employees. The major weakness of this style is in being ineffective in many instances. Multiple followers take this type of leadership for granted, hence diminishing productivity and performance. Work Structure The above organization chart depicts the work structure for the overall organization. Shop floor level employees perform tasks assigned to them and report to team leaders. Team leaders take tasks from their senior manager, who in turn is liable to answer to CEO and CFO. Managerial roles and responsibility is well divided and sub divided amongst departments. Human resource manager is responsible for workforce management and strategizing, similarly marketing department manager deals with marketing and sales of products. Finance and accounts departments are responsible for all calculations and accounting. Product and supply chain manager is responsible for handling steady flow of goods to and from the stores and warehouses(Alvesson, 2012). Decision Making Most decisions of strategic nature are made by senior leaders and managers of the organization. An employee feedback procedure type of decision making can be more effective in the current organization. The same decision making procedure cannot be applied in all situations as every situation have their respective requisites. In case all decisions are taken uniformly then it can lead to failure of processes. Teams and Team building In order to enhance team work within the organization, following steps will be adopted; Implementing recognition program: This step will encourage quality teamwork by rewarding achievers or performers. Outlining roles: Each member of the team needs to have an identified role such that there is no confusion. This will give rise to higher accountability and responsibility amongst individuals(Basoglu, 2007). Identifying existing issues: Existing problems amongst teams needs to be sorted and solved for better team performance. Encouraging Social activities: By involving various members of the team in social activities will encourage more team work. Motivation The two staff members selected for the purpose of identifying motivation, is two shop floor level employees. Appropriate motivators for one will include intrinsic motivators as bonuses and pay hike. While for the other will be good job design, performance appraisal and other extrinsic motivators. Motivational levels and indicators vary greatly with individuals. Each individual have their own requirements hence motivators needs to cater to these needs. Conflict There is some conflict occurring in the current team. It is a functional in nature. Such conflict indicates mismanagement of task and impropriation of duties amongst employees. Due to scarcity of staff, they are regularly doing over shifts, whereas some staffs have not been allotted duties. Organizational culture is responsible to some extent for arousing this conflict. The two most important benefits of functional conflict in workplace is process innovation and process improvement towards efficiency(Behfar, 2008). Conflict has disturbing impact on the team leader as he is unable to manage few staffs and divergent roles and duties. Strategies used for promoting functional conflict is create situation for conflict and criticizing managers for their roles. Work Forecast Work forecast is planned by taking adequate account of available resources. Volume of work can only be adequately forecasted on the basis of resources availability and thereafter contingency planning. Computerized work forecasting systems are available that takes into account resources and allocates them accordingly. Otherwise human resource manager prepares a work schedule and hands them to respective teams for their work forecast planning. Time Management Time management is ones ability to utilize time effectively. Proper work scheduling and planning with deadlines can help time management at workplace(Bendoly, 2006). Quality Assurance Quality assurance is the process of maintaining adequate quality by attending to every step in manufacturing or delivery. Quality can be improved in the desired workplace by adhering to total quality management (TQM) and adapting ISO standardization on quality. Legislative Context Equal Employment Opportunity: It is illegal to discriminate individual against a job for race, color, sex, religion and so on. This retail organization provides equal opportunities for all without discrimination(Brown S. B., 2013). Diversity: Employees needs to be from diversified backgrounds. The retail organization have a diversified workforce from various ethnic and regional groups. Anti-Discrimination: It provides for right of people to be equal. The retail organization does not believe in discrimination and hence confines to the law. Unfair Dismissal: It is termination of contract of employment by inadmissible reasons. The organization does not do unfair dismissal of any employee. Short term work organization: It hires employees for short time period to handle extra work load. Sometimes due to excessive work pressure the organization hires short term workforce on contract under this legislation. Reference Alvesson, M. (2012). Understanding organizational culture. Sage. Basoglu, N. D. (2007). Organizational adoption of enterprise resource planning systems: A conceptual framework. . The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 18(1), 73-97. Bendoly, E. D. (2006). Behavior in operations management: Assessing recent findings and revisiting old assumptions. Journal of operations management, 737-752. Brown, S. B. (2013). Operations management: policy, practice and performance improvement. Routledge. Brown, S. B. (2013). Strategic operations management. Routledge. Heizer, J. R. (2016). Principles of operations management: sustainability and supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. Slack, N. (2015). Operations strategy. . John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Slack, N. C. (2010). Operations management. . Pearson education.

Macbeth - Imagery Essays - Characters In Macbeth,

Macbeth - Imagery In his plays, Shakespeare uses many forms of imagery. Many forms of his imagery are used in his play Macbeth, including the forms of clothing and darkness. Each detail in his imagery, it seems tome, contains an important symbol of the play, and symbols that we must understand if we are to understand either the passage it is in, or the play as a whole. In Macbeth I think that the imagery of clothing is used to suggest that throughout the play, Macbeth is seeking to hide his "disgraceful self" from his eyes and from others. I think that Shakespeare wants to keep alive the ironical contrast between the wretched creature that Macbeth really is and the disguises he assumes to conceal the fact. Secondly, I think that in the play honours are thought of as garments to be worn; likewise, Macbeth is constantly represented symbolically as the wearer of robes not belonging to him. He is wearing an "undeserved dignity." A crucial point in describing the purpose of clothing in Macbeth is the fact that these are not his garments. Therefore, Macbeth is uncomfortable in them because he is continually conscious of the fact that they do not belong to him. In the following passage, the idea constantly recurs that Macbeth's new honours sit ill upon him, like a loose and badly fitting garment, belonging to someone else: New honours come upon him, Like our strange garments, cleave not to their mould, But with the aid of use. The second, most important chain of imagery used to add to the atmosphere is that of the imagery of darkness. In a Shakespearean tragedy a special tone, or atmosphere must be created to show the darkness and blackness in a tragedy. In Macbeth, Shakespeare uses the design of the witches, the guilt in Macbeth's soul, and the darkness of the night to establish the atmosphere. All of the emarkable scenes take place at night or in some dark spot; for instance, the vision of the dagger, the murder of Duncan, the murder of Banquo, and Lady Macbeth's sleepwalking, all occur at night. Darkness is the time when the traveller hastens to reach safety in his inn, when Banquo rides homeward to meet his assassins; furthermore, it is the time when the wolf howls, the owl screams, and when murder steals forth to his work. In Macbeth I think the darkness symbolizes many things. First, and most importantly, it stands for the evil and death in the play. The darkness could partially blind out all of the horrible things that occur in the night. For, only in darkness can such evil deeds be done. Secondly, the darkness shows one of Lady Macbeth's weaknesses: her fear of the dark. In the play, phrases of fear escape from her lips even in sleep. She believes darkness to be the place of torment. In the whole drama, the sun seems to shine only twice. First, in the beautiful but ironical passage when Duncan sees the swallows flirting rounds the castle of death. Next, when at the close the avenging army gathers to rid the earth of its shame. Therefore; I can conclude that darkness is used to establish the evil parts of the play; whereas, daylight is used to establish victory or goodness in a play.

Writting A Press Example

Writting A Press Example Writting A Press – Article Example Running Head: Clarification of Obama Care Launch Pertinent Issues and System Malfunctions experience with HealthCare.gov. Obama Care CourseSubjectDate We write to make a number of clarifications on the Obama care launch and regret for inconvenience caused to the people of America due to the recent malfunctions experienced with our website recently. It is our most sincere submission that the system malfunction was not anticipated and the problem happened too fast for our technical team to manage partly due to the large number of requests received. The malfunction was also as a result of the fact that the site was newly developed and rollout challenges could be due to poor testing of the system functionalities. We take full responsibility of the inconvenience and promise a stable system in future. We wish at this point in time to assure the public that the online market place site has seen tremendous improvements in the past three days with much functionality fully operational now. We expect to the site to be fully up and able to handle millions of requests from users in the two weeks. We have held a number of meetings with the vendors and briefed the president on the progress recorded so far. We wish to assure those customers who may have received text messages about cancellation of their policies that this is to ensure compliance with new requirements of the law. The policies will be replaced with others having more benefits, more consumer rights and more affordable. This is in an effort to increase uptake and inclusivity of Medicare. We also inform that we will be posting bi-monthly reports on the number of people enrolled on the program from the 36 states that do not have their own state medical schemes. It is our commitment to ensuring quality, reliable and affordable healthcare insurance to the people of America. We hope this information allays any fears in the public about Obama care introduction and wish the people of America a healthy future. For any qu eries please direct to the office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services through mobile no xxxx email xxxx and website www.HealthCare.gov.

Business Plan Essays - Retail, Free Essays, Term Papers

Business Plan Essays - Retail, Free Essays, Term Papers Business Plan BUSINESS DESCRIPTION Oak Furniture Warehouse, is a furniture store specializing in the selling of furnishings constructed hardwoods, the bulk of which will be oak, to Coeur dAlene area customers. The store will be a show floor/warehouse, with 85 percent of the available space open to the customers. The merchandise has been carefully selected to be affordable to the majority of consumers along with higher line items for upgrades and future purchases. Oak Furniture Warehouse, plans to open for business during January, 2000. The store will be open Monday thru Friday, from 10:00 am till 8:00 pm and Saturday, from 10:00 am till 6:00 pm. In the strong and stable furniture sales market, Oak Furniture Warehouse will stand out as a leader in customer service and quality craftsmanship. A strong customer focus, an accessible location and a broad product line will enable the establishment to slowly and steadily develop a loyal customer base. The retail demand for home and office furnishings is seasonal and business in Coeur dAlene fluctuates according to the seasons. Primarily, the Oak Furniture Warehouse, will attract business during seasonally slow months through a comprehensive marketing and promotional strategy to generate additional revenues in these slack periods. Secondly, by directing attention to the business and home office markets, which budget more on a fiscal basis. Finally, there is no direct competition in the area giving The Oak Furniture Warehouse an advantage in the lack of competition. MARKET PROFILE Oak Furniture Warehouse, will provide quality, competitively priced specialty furniture not yet available from a single source in the Coeur dAlene metro area. The goal is to sell solid, well built furniture through a knowledgeable and professional sales staff in an inviting atmosphere, that will encourage customers to return to the Oak Furniture Warehouse for all their home furniture needs. The well crafted quality of our product. The affordable pricing and group discounts. Convenience of a local location. Our convenient location, where ample parking is available. Word of mouth advertising from past customers. CUSTOMER PROFILE The 4 major categories of customers are: First time buyers, recently out on their own Young families - renting or purchasing a home Families updating their existing furnishings General population fulfilling a need for furniture Younger family being our largest market target. According to research (Washington State Business Journal, 1990 US Census, and area statistics) the target customer for home furnishings is as follows: Educated female Twenty two to thirty two years old Lives with her family in a home Family income of $30,000 to $45,000. Experience has shown that on the average, customers are ready to update their furniture every six years and this would translate into a stable source of future sales. DESCRIPTION OF COMPETITION Black Canyon Oak Originals - 901 N. 3rd, Coeur dAlene, ID A high end, specialized furniture store with limited floor space and inventory. Targets the more affluent homeowners and resort area tastes. 4 years in business 3 sales persons, 1 warehouse person no delivery The Furniture Broker - 609 W. Appleway, Coeur dAlene, ID A large franchise furniture showroom specializing in upholstered lower quality furniture located north central Coeur dAlene. The furniture broker is well-financed and uses extensive advertising campaign. They offer a large array of mass produced accessories for sale from its retail floor. 2 years in business 3 sales persons, 2 warehouse persons, area delivery Runge Furniture Co. - 303 E. Spokane Ave., Coeur dAlene, ID A large store that has a good reputation and has been in the area for many years. They offer all home furniture, of all hardwood types and are priced high for the market. They only carry expensive, well known makers of furniture. Their staff is friendly and knowledgeable. 43 years in business 3 sales persons, 1 warehouse person, area delivery MARKETING STRATEGIES Being a new store the primary plan is to have a grand opening sale, lasting 9 days (over two weekends). Advertising will be through the local newspaper, flyers will be sent out to all new home buyers within the last 6 months, renting of a balloon for location exposure, having a clown on the first two weekends and to give away one bedroom set as prize for visiting the new Oak Furniture Warehouse. Ongoing advertising will be shared with the Spokane stores, which consists of Yellow Pages

A study on strategic management as a determinant of organization Research Proposal

A study on strategic management as a determinant of organization performance - Research Proposal Example This research proposal is related to the strategic management that assists in determining the organizational performance. Therefore, the proposal will begin with the research objectives and aim of the overall study. It will also try to focus on the literature review and case study method in order to support the research objectives and solve the research problem. Literature review is conducted in order to summarize the research based knowledge for practice or to support for the development of the study in order to increase the evidences that is required to guide the practices. It is important to take into account the research methodology while conducting the research. Research methodology can serve as guidelines for the research. It provides the researcher the opportunity to study the subject in depth and therefore make sound decisions. Time table plays a significant role to understand the actual time that will be required to effectively complete the project. Therefore, in light of th is fact a Gantt chart will be prepared that will help the researcher to work according to the schedule. Aim and Objectives of the Study The main aim of this research study is to identify the strategic management as a determinant of the organizational performance. Through this research proposal, the productivity of the employees in the organization can be increased and they can work in an efficient manner. However, the objective is a bit different. The main objectives of this proposed research study would be to assist in decision making and actions with the aim to improve the short term performance of the organization. The other objective of the study would be to identify the various strategies that can help the organization to cope up with any kind of situation and improve the performance of the organization. The study will help the organization to cultivate a proactive management culture that will enable them to take advantage of the opportunities that lie in its operating environm ent. Literature Review and Rationale for the Study According to Joyce & Woods (2001), strategic management can be defined as the pursuit of the superior performance in the organization by the usage of the strategy that would ensure matching the corporate strength to the needs of the customers (Joyce & Woods, 2001). Strategic planning helps the organization’s members to concentrate on individual endeavor in order to convert into a team effort. The strategic management can assist in the development of the total quality management and the enhancement of the objective based performance appraisal system. According to Hitt & Et. Al. (2001), managers pay attention when they are confronted with important information regarding the organizational performance. When the changes in the performances are unexpected then it prompts search for explanation. If there is continuous negative performance then the management needs to change either the strategy or the structure (Hitt & Et. Al., 2001 ). According to Jauch & Kraft (1986), the environmental uncertainty has been recognized as one of the variables that help in the explanation of the organizational performance and equilibrium. It has been assumed by most of the